From Oncogenesis to Theranostics: The Transformative Role of PSMA in Prostate Cancer

Simple Summary Prostate cancer remainsa leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men worldwide. This review focuses on the transformative role of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. PSMA is highly expressed in prostate cancer cells, making it a valuable target for both imaging and therapy. The integration of PSMA-targeted imaging with radioligand therapy, known as theranostics, has significantly improved the detection and management of advanced prostate cancer. Recent clinical trials, including the VISION trial, have demonstrated the effectiveness of PSMA-targeted therapies, such as 177Lu-PSMA-617. These advancements highlight the potential of theranostics in offering personalized and more effective treatment options for prostate cancer patients.Abstract Prostate cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men, is characterized by complex genetic and epigenetic alterations, dysregulation of oncogenic pathways, and a dynamic tumor microenvironment. Advances in molecular diagnostics and targeted therapies have significantly transformed the management of this disease. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as a critical biomarker, enhancing the precision of prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Theranostics, which integrates PSMA-targeted imaging with radioligand therapies, has shown remarkable efficacy in detecting and treating advanced prostate cancer. By leveraging the dual capabilities of PSMA-based diagnostics and therapeutic agents, theranostics offers a personalized approach that improves patient outcomes. This comprehensive review explores the latest developments in PSMA-targeted theranostics and their impact on the future of prostate cancer management, highlighting key clinical trials and emerging therapeutic strategies.