Mesenteric Vein to Gonadal Vein Shunt Embolization in Patients with Portal Hypertension: Technical Considerations and Clinical Outcomes

PurposeTo assess the technical and clinical outcomes of percutaneous embolization for high-flow mesenteric vein to gonadal vein (MGV) portosystemic shunts.MethodsIn this HIPPA-compliant, review board-approved study, patients who underwent embolization of MGV shunts between 2011 and 2023 were included. Patient demographic data, embolization technique, clinical outcomes, and complications were retrieved from the electronic health records. Technical success was defined as complete occlusion of the shunt on follow-up imaging. Clinical outcomes assessed were resolution/improvement of hepatic encephalopathy, improvement in liver function, changes to liver volumes, and occurrence of adverse events.ResultsEight patients (mean age 59.5, 75% female) with nine MGV shunts were included. The indications for shunt embolization included medically refractory hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding duodenal varices, and transplant liver dysfunction. The mean maximum shunt diameter was 23.3 mm. Embolization was most commonly performed with a combination of coils and N-butyl cyanoacrylate or vascular plugs. Complete MGV shunt thrombosis was achieved in 7/9 shunts post-embolization, and symptom improvement was noted in 7/8 patients. Child-Pugh scores improved post-embolization in 6/9 patients by a median of 3 points. Liver volumes also increased by a mean of 20.8 +/- 17.7% post-embolization. Minor adverse events included new onset ascites, partial mesenteric/portal vein thrombosis, and new gastroesophageal varices without bleeding in four patients.ConclusionEmbolization of MGV shunts is technically feasible and effective for treatment of hepatic encephalopathy and increasing hepatopetal portal perfusion. There was an improvement in Child-Pugh scores and an increase in liver volumes in the majority of patients post-embolization.