A comprehensive investigation on the electrochemical performance, synthesis, modification, and recycling methods of LiFePO4 for sustainable future

Focussing on long term solutions, the world is moving towards renewable energy resources as a way to achieve sustainable development. During the last few decades Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB) have established its presence and dominance in secondary energy storage devices, especially LiFePO4-based LIBs due to their long cycle life, good rate capability, and safety. With increased adoption and commercialization there is a demand for advancements in performance within affordable prices. The electrochemical performance can be improved by synthesis routes such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, solid-state reaction, co-precipitation methods and many more; and various modification techniques such as surface coating and doping. Amidst focussing on the performance improvement and wide application of LIBs, it is an inevitable step that to recycle the spent LIBs for a greener tomorrow. This review discusses the pros and cons of LIBs focussing on the remedial measures that can be achieved through the various synthesis routes and modification techniques. Further discusses the various recycling methods such as hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy and direct regeneration.