Linking EFL students' psychological needs to engagement in Informal Digital Learning of English: a structural equation modeling analysis

EFL students are increasingly engaging in self-directed English learning in extramural digital settings (Informal Digital Learning of English; IDLE). However, effective strategies for boosting IDLE engagement are largely unexplored. The Basic Psychological Needs (BPNs) theory, a fundamental element of the Self-Determination Theory, proposes that fulfilling three core needs-autonomy, competence, and relatedness-is crucial for human well-being and optimal functioning. Hence, this study aims to investigate the potential connection between in-class BPNs and receptive (consuming content) and productive (producing content) IDLE activities. Data from 472 Kazakhstani EFL students across seven universities were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Our findings showed that students with higher overall BPNs engaged more in IDLE activities, particularly those with higher competence in both receptive and productive IDLE, and those with higher autonomy in productive IDLE. Surprisingly, relatedness was not a significant factor in IDLE. Our study offers the first empirical evidence demonstrating a positive link between BPNs and IDLE engagement. Pedagogically, educators can develop strategies aligned with students' BPNs to enhance their IDLE engagement.