Comparative study of phenotypic-based detection assays for carbapenemases in Acinetobacter baumannii

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a serious health concern worldwide, causing high mortality rates and limited medical therapy options. Carbapenem resistance is a significant problem in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. The synthesis of acquired carbapenemases, such as oxacillinases, IMP, NDM, VIM, and KPC enzymes, causes carbapenem resistance. Methods: A total of 106 non-repetitive, Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were collected from four major hospitals in Bahrain including 78 carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and 28 carbapenem-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii (CSAB) isolates. Three phenotypic tests were investigated in this study: including CARBA NP, modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM)/EDTA-CIM (eCIM), and modified Hodge test (MHT). Results: CARBA NP was positive in 50 tested CRAB isolates (100%), and the sensitivity was 100%. The MHT was positive in 73/106 isolates (68.8%), while the sensitivity and specificity of the MHT were 77.6% and 100%. Moreover, only 38/106 (35.8%) isolates were positive for mCIM/eCIM. The sensitivity and specificity of mCIM were 40.4% and 100%. Conclusion: CARBA NP was ideal for phenotypic detection of carbapenemase production, followed by MHT. The m/eCIM demonstrated a lower detection rate in CRAB. Consequently, combining tests would be more accurate. The mCIM/eCIM can easily distinguish between MBLs and serine-carbapenemases due to the frequent coproduction of these enzymes in A. baumannii. In hospital setups where molecular characterization tests are not available, CARBA NP seems to be an alternative test in combination with MHT or mCIM/eCIM.