Venous thromboembolism and major bleeding in severe and critical COVID-19 hospitalized patients

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding (MB) are life-threatening complications described in COVID-19 hospitalized patients, and they can be considered two sides of the same coin. This retrospective study aims to evaluate the risk factors for VTE and MB in COVID-19 patients admitted to two Italian hospitals. The medical records of all COVID-19 patients (males 139; 62.3%, mean age 67.2 +/- 13.6 years, body weight 88.2 +/- 20.6 kg) hospitalized from March 11th th to July 31st, st , 2020, at the Federico II University Hospital and the Sea Hospital, Naples, Italy, were analyzed. The COVID-19 patients were classified into four groups: COVID-19 patients developing VTE and/or MB, COVID-19 patients developing only VTE, COVID-19 patients developing only MB, and COVID-19 patients not developing either VTE or MB. During the hospitalization, 53 COVID-19 patients (24.7%; males 40; 75.5%, mean age 67.2 +/- 13.6 years, weight 88.2 +/- 20.6 kg) developed VTE, 33 COVID-19 patients (15.3%; males 17; 51.5, mean age 67.3 +/- 14.9 years, weight 74.1 +/- 14.3 kg) developed MB, and 129 COVID-19 patients did not develop either TVP or MB. No parameters to identify severe COVID-19 complicated by VTE and/or MB were found. However, some clinical and biochemical parameters can be evaluated to predict the risk of MB in order to modify the treatment and take prompt action to reduce mortality.