Operation optimization and performance evaluation of photovoltaic-wind-hydrogen-based integrated energy system under carbon trading mechanism and uncertainty for urban communities

The integrated energy system (IES) can promote the accommodation of renewable energy, achieve efficient energy utilization, and reduce carbon emissions, which is a crucial direction of energy system transformation development. This study proposes an optimal design and scheduling operation framework of photovoltaic-windhydrogen-based IES coupled with multiple heterogeneous energy flows and energy storages for urban communities. The carbon trading mechanism and uncertainty of renewable energy output are taken into account, where the uncertainty can be tackled by fuzzy chance constrained programming (FCCP) method through a clear equivalent transformation to the fuzziness of forecast error. Then, a case study with the minimum sum of multiple costs over a day-ahead planning horizon is employed to validate the applicability of the proposed IES, in which various operation scenarios regarding system configuration and confidence levels with comprehensive performance evaluation are investigated and analyzed. The simulation results indicate that compared with the reference system, primary energy saving rate, total cost saving rate, and CO2 emission reduction rate of the proposed IES are 45.18%, 11.39% and 52.17%, respectively. Besides, as the confidence level increases, the overall performance corresponding to evaluation indicators shows a downward tendency. Moreover, a reasonable carbon price and lower natural gas price will improve the overall benefits. The proposed model can be helpful for decision-makers to trade off the pros and cons between system performance and risk and provide a reference for similar studies and applications.