Emerging and Re-Emerging Pathogens in Valvular Infective Endocarditis: A Review

被引:2
作者
Reisinger, Maximilian [1 ]
Kachel, Mateusz [1 ,2 ]
George, Isaac [1 ]
机构
[1] Columbia Univ, Med Ctr, New York Presbyterian Hosp, Div Cardiac Vasc & Thorac Surg, New York, NY 10032 USA
[2] Amer Heart Poland, Ctr Cardiovasc Res & Dev, PL-40028 Katowice, Poland
来源
PATHOGENS | 2024年 / 13卷 / 07期
关键词
infective endocarditis (IE); native valve endocarditis (NVE); prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE); pathogens; AORTIC-VALVE-REPLACEMENT; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; CLINICAL PRESENTATION; DUKE CRITERIA; CARDIAC MRI; DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; ASSOCIATION; MANAGEMENT; PROGNOSIS;
D O I
10.3390/pathogens13070543
中图分类号
Q93 [微生物学];
学科分类号
071005 ; 100705 ;
摘要
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of the endocardial surface, most commonly affecting native and prosthetic valves of the heart. The epidemiology and etiology of the disease have evolved significantly over the last decades. With a growing elderly population, the incidence of degenerative valvopathies and the use of prosthetic heart valves have increased, becoming the most important predisposing risk factors. This change in the epidemiology has caused a shift in the underlying microbiology of the disease, with Staphylococci overtaking Streptococci as the main causative pathogens. Other rarer microbes, including Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coxiella burnetti and Brucella, have also emerged or re-emerged. Valvular IE caused by these pathogens, especially Staphylococcus aureus, is often associated with a severe clinical course, leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and management are crucial. Due to the high virulence of these pathogens and an increased incidence of antimicrobial resistances, surgical valve repair or replacement is often necessary. As the epidemiology and etiology of valvular IE continue to evolve, the diagnostic methods and therapies need to be progressively advanced to ensure satisfactory clinical outcomes.
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页数:14
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