The effects of forest bathing on self-criticism, self-compassion, and self-protection: A systematic review

This systematic review explored the effects of forest bathing on self-criticism, self-compassion, and selfprotection. We identified 12 eligible studies, which were included in our review. The study quality was generally rated as low, partly due to small sample sizes and lack of randomized controlled trials and control groups. Results showed that forest bathing is associated with reductions in negative repetitive thinking regarding oneself (e.g., rumination) and enhances in self-compassion. Included studies also found benefits of forest bathing for negative affect and well-being, introspection, and mindfulness. No study was found that focused on increased self-protection as effect of forest bathing. While results of this review highlight the potential positive effects of forest bathing, we also identified several limitations in the current literature and propose recommendations for future research. Especially the low methodological quality of studies in this field calls for more rigorous research.