Dietary concentrate supplementation increases milk production and reduces predicted greenhouse gas emission intensity in pasture-based commercial dairy farms

Controlled studies have extensively documented that concentrate supplements typically increase enteric CH4 4 emissions and milk yield and reduce emissions per unit of milk produced and dry matter intake. However, no studies have been conducted to determine the effect of concentrate on predicted greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farms representing the Australian pasture-based farming system. Thus, this study sought to determine how dietary concentrate supplementation affects enteric and manure CH4, 4 , and N2O 2 O of Australian pasture-based dairy farms. The Australian Dairy Carbon Calculator was used, which incorporates emission factors and methodologies used in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory as reported to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Primary data were collected and analyzed from 120 commercial farms in Australia's major dairy regions. Then the farms were divided into 4 groups based on their dietary concentrate supplementation: <= 1 (low; 15 farms), 1 to 2 (moderate; 35 farms), 2 to 3 (high; 35 farms), and >= 3 (very high; 35 farms) t of concentrate dry matter (tDM) per cow per year. Sources of greenhouse gas emissions were CO2 2 from concentrate production, enteric CH4, 4 , and manure CH4 4 and N2O. 2 O. Total dry matter intake, milk yield, and daily enteric CH4 4 production (g/d) quadratically increased with concentrate level, whereas greenhouse gas emission intensity of milk production (kg of CO2 2 equivalent per kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk) decreased by 14% for farms supplementing with >= 3 tDM/cow per year compared with those supplementing with <= 1 tDM/cow per year of dietary concentrate. The N2O 2 O and CH4 4 emissions from manure increased quadratically and linearly, respectively, with the increasing supplementation of concentrate. Farms supplementing 2 to 3 tDM/cow per year showed substantial increases in gross income, gross margin, earnings before interest and tax, and net income ($/cow per year) compared with those supplementing of <= 1, 1 to 2, and >= 3 tDM/cow per year. Overall, increasing dietary concentrate supplementation for dairy cows resulted in increased milk production per cow, reduced greenhouse gas emissions per unit of milk produced, and increased income and profit. However, a comprehensive life cycle assessment study is needed to account for carbon sequestration by other farm components, such as pastures and trees, which were not considered in the present study. In addition, the present study was based on modeling and did not gather ground truth information for DMI, digestibility, crude protein, and urinary and fecal N excretion. Therefore, data should be interpreted with caution, and studies gathering such information are encouraged.