Percutaneous Sclerotherapy of Venous Malformations

Venous malformation (VM) stands as the most prevalent form of vascular malformation, characterized by its diverse morphology. These lesions can manifest in any part of the body, affecting different tissue planes and giving rise to symptoms such as pain, swelling, or physical dysfunction. In the realm of treatment, direct puncture VM sclerotherapy holds its place as the primary approach. This technique involves the administration of a sclerosing agent into the VM channels during contrast phlebography while simultaneously managing the outflow veins through different methods. The process of VM sclerotherapy induces endothelial damage, thrombosis, and fibrosis, resulting in symptom relief through lesion shrinkage. It is crucial to exercise caution techniques and sclerosing agents during VM sclerotherapy to minimize procedural complications, enhance clinical outcomes, and ultimately improve the patient's overall quality of life. Tech Vasc Interventional Rad 27:100960 (c) 2024 Published by Elsevier Inc.