Exercise training and changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins: from blots to "omics"

Mitochondria are essential, membrane-enclosed organelles that consist of similar to 1100 different proteins, which allow for many diverse functions critical to maintaining metabolism. Highly metabolic tissues, such as skeletal muscle, have a high mitochondrial content that increases with exercise training. The classic western blot technique has revealed training-induced increases in the relatively small number of individual mitochondrial proteins studied (similar to 5% of the >1100 proteins in MitoCarta), with some of these changes dependent on the training stimulus. Proteomic approaches have identified hundreds of additional mitochondrial proteins that respond to exercise training. There is, however, surprisingly little crossover in the mitochondrial proteins identified in the published human training studies. This suggests that to better understand the link between training-induced changes in mitochondrial proteins and metabolism, future studies need to move beyond maximizing protein detection to adopting methods that will increase the reliability of the changes in protein abundance observed.