Evaluating the groundwater salinization processes in Zarabad coastal aquifer (southeastern Iran) using hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques

Hydrogeochemical, multivariate statistical analysis, and multi-isotopic (delta O-18, SD, and delta S-34) approaches were used to identify the cause and process of groundwater salinization in the Zarabad coastal aquifer. The hydro- chemical facies evolution (HFE) diagram suggests that the Na-Cl facies is the dominant hydrochemical facies. Groundwater chemistry is mostly influenced by cation exchange and its interaction with silicate rocks, as shown by the Gibbs plot. The isotopic composition of delta O-18, SD, and delta S-34 varies from -3.17 parts per thousand to -1.35 parts per thousand (with an average of -1.69 parts per thousand), -25.5 parts per thousand to -9 parts per thousand VSMOW (with an average of -18.09 parts per thousand) and -7.7 parts per thousand-16.7 parts per thousand V-CDT (with an average of 0.54 parts per thousand), respectively. The salinization of groundwater may be caused by the evaporation of water or the dissolution of evaporites. This can be inferred from the delta O-18 to SD data, which indicates that a majority of water falls below the GMWL, IMWL, and LMWL. The d-excess value, ranging from -19.8 parts per thousand to 5.36 parts per thousand, further suggests that the groundwater has undergone evaporation before infiltration. In addition, the comparison between the delta S-34-SO(4)(2-)and SO42- plots suggested that the dissolution of evaporites is the primary source of SO42-. Water chemistry changes in this aquifer is primarily caused by water-rock interaction, ion exchange, and evaporation.