Screen-printed glassy carbon electrodes for electrogenerated chemiluminescence.

Glassy carbon (GC) electrodes are crucial in electrochemistry due to their chemical stability and excellent electrochemical behaviour. This study presents the development of screen-printed glassy electrodes and demonstrates their suitability for electrogenerated electrochemiluminescence (ECL) applications. Model ECL system tris (2,2 '-bipyridyl) '-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II)/tripropylamine (Ru(bpy)32+/TPA) 3 2 + /TPA) is used to benchmark the new electrodes. Different ink formulations are presented, and the electrochemical performance of the corresponding printed electrodes is discussed. In contrast to graphite screen printed electrodes, laser activation did not result in significant benefits at these new GC electrodes. A range of characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and spectroelectrochemical methods are used in the study. ECL studies of the GC electrodes was studied using both UV-Vis spectroscopy and image analysis. An ink formulation consisting of a GC to binder ratio of 5:1 by weight yielded the best results, surpassing the response of commercial graphite screen-printed electrodes, and in line with conventional (bulk) glassy carbon electrodes.