Assessment of fertility and sexual dysfunction in women with systemic sclerosis: a narrative review of the literature

Objective. The aim of this work is to review the existing literature regarding sexual and reproductive function of women affected by systemic sclerosis and to establish the impact of the disease on the gynaecological-obstetrical field. Methods. A systematic search has been conducted by means of PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, until January 2024 by the keywords "systemic sclerosis", ''fertility", "sexual dysfunction" and "pregnancy". Results. Sexual dysfunction has been described in most of the studies. This could be related to dryness and dyspareunia, but also to the psychosocial impact of SSc on body and facial appearance, which impacts on social and sexual relationships. There is conflicting evidence regarding the influence of SSc and fertility. Before the 1980s pregnancies in these patients were rare. This could be linked to the satisfied reproductive desire before the onset of SSc, or to the fact that pregnancy was labelled as high-risk, leading to counsel against it in most patients. Recently, the evidence supporting infertility is conflicting. There is no certain theory on how the disease may interfere with reproductive function, but a possible linkage can be detected in a pro-inflammatory milieu which can impair the ovarian reserve. Conclusion. Women affected by SSc should be followed-up by a multidisciplinary team to prevent sexual dysfunction. Although there is no consensus on the impact of SSc on fertility, these patients should be provided with adequate pre-conceptional counselling and a strict follow-up in high-risk pregnancy units.