Neuro-fuzzy-based cluster formation scheme for energy-efficient data routing in IOT-enabled WSN

Internet of things-enabled wireless sensor networks face challenges like inflexibility, poor scalability, suboptimal cluster head selection, and energy inefficiencies. This is due to the faster data transmission rates between cluster nodes during data packet routing. This creates unnecessary energy consumption burdens for those actively transmitting nodes. Conceptually, an effective cluster formation phase supports better data routing mechanisms, while sustaining the energy efficiency of individual nodes. This paper proposes a Neuro-Fuzzy based Cluster Formation (NFCF) scheme to facilitate adaptive and energy-efficient cluster topologies. NFCF utilizes fuzzy logic and neural networks to identify optimal super nodes for flexible cluster formations. This approach enables configurable cluster sizes along with inclusion/exclusion criteria for member nodes based on energy thresholds. Parameters evaluated for node selection include the degree of super node, expected energy per cluster, energy variance, and residual energy. Nodes not meeting the thresholds are excluded. The neural network updates fuzzy rules to guide optimal clustering decisions based on anticipated energy dynamics under different conditions. The performance of the proposed NFCF scheme is evaluated based on objective function changes related to data transmission, individual node energy variation, energy variance before and after transmissions, and averaged end-to-end delay across transmission cycles. Results are compared against genetic fuzzy clustering, fuzzy energy-aware clustering, fuzzy-based distributed clustering, fuzzy logic-based multi-hop clustering, and fuzzy weighted k-means clustering. Neuro-Fuzzy based Cluster Formation (NFCF) addresses challenges in Internet of Things wireless sensor networks. It uses neuro-fuzzy techniques to adaptively form energy-efficient clusters. NFCF outperforms several prior fuzzy clustering approaches.image Neuro-Fuzzy based Cluster Formation (NFCF) integrates neural networks and fuzzy logic to adaptively form energy-efficient clusters in Internet of Things-enabled wireless sensor networks. An energy-driven fuzzy model ensures cluster nodes consistently meet predefined energy thresholds for optimal data routing. A neural network dynamically adjusts fuzzy rules guiding cluster head selection based on real-time energy fluctuations. NFCF supports controlled scalability by assessing node residual energies to determine their inclusion/exclusion from clusters. The proposed scheme achieves superior data throughput and energy efficiency compared to existing clustering techniques.