Estimation of Particulate Matter (PM10) Over Middle Indo-Gangetic Plain (Patna) of India: Seasonal Variation and Source Apportionment

Despite extensive research on particulate matter (PM) pollution in India's Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), source apportionment remains challenging. This study investigates the effect of particulate matter (PM10)-associated water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) on ambient air concentration across the middle IGP from January to December 2018. Moreover, the seasonal fluctuation and chemical characterization of PM10 were assessed for the year 2018. The results revealed a high concentration of PM10 (156 mu g/m(3)), exceeding the WHO and National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) limits. The highest PM10 levels were observed during autumn, winter, summer, and the rainy season. The study identified SO42- and NH4+ as the most common WSIIs, constituting 46% and 23% of the total WSIIs. Source apportionment analysis indicated that street dust, biomass burning, and vehicle and industrial emissions together with secondary formation significantly contributed to IGP's PM pollution. Additionally, the investigation of air mass back trajectory suggests that air quality in IGP is largely influenced by eastern and western Maritime air masses originated from the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, Gujarat, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.