Perceived Discrimination South of the Equator: Reassessing the Brazilian Explicit Discrimination Scale

Objective: To reassess the Explicit Discrimination Scale (EDS; Bastos. Faerstein, Celeste, & Barros. 2012), an instrument developed in Brazil to examine intersecting forms of discrimination, with particular attention to the number of underlying dimensions, residual correlations, share of explained item variance, and stability of the configural and metric structure in broader populations. Method: Data from two cross-sectional studies and one cohort investigation were used. Although the cross-sectional studies were conducted among racially diverse undergraduate students (n = 1,022.45% women, mean age = 23 years; n = 424, 59% women, mean age = 22 years), the cohort study included a probabilistic sample of community residents with 18% raciallethnic minority respondents (n = 1,187, 57% women, mean age = 42 years). A series of exploratory models, exploratory structural equation models, and confirmatory factor analyses models was estimated. Results: The EDS items might be best represented by a 3-factor model, which includes a second-order factor. Although only 1 pair of correlated residuals emerged, at least 4 different items with a sizable share of error variance were observed. The revised scale structure had an excellent fit to the data and was consistent among both undergraduate students and community residents. Conclusions: As well as demonstrating that discrimination may be structured by proximal, medial, and distal experiences with mistreatment, we suggest that the EDS has the potential to enhance research on the intersectional health impacts of discrimination. Future studies are required to assess scalability and provide scholars with a shortened version of the instrument.