Understanding the fate of disinfection by-products in swimming pools: current empirical and mechanistic modeling insights

Disinfecting swimming pool water plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of harmful bacteria. However, the interaction between disinfectants and precursors can lead to the formation of potentially disinfection by-products (DBPs). Prolonged exposure to these DBPs may pose health risks. This review study investigates recent research advancements concerning the formation, exposure, and regulation of DBPs within swimming pools. It also provides an overview of existing models that predict DBPs generation in pools, highlighting their limitations. The review explores the mechanisms behind DBPs formation under different disinfectant and precursor conditions. It specifically discusses two types of models that simulate the production of these by-products. Compared to drinking water, swimming pool water presents unique challenges for model development due to its complex mix of external substances, human activities, and environmental factors. Existing models can be categorized as empirical or mechanistic. Empirical models focus on water quality parameters and operational practices, while mechanistic models delve deeper into the kinetics of DBPs generation and the dynamic nature of these compounds. By employing these models, it becomes possible to minimize DBPs production, optimize equipment design, enhance operational efficiency, and manage mechanical ventilation systems effectively.