Characterizing Temperature-Dependent Acoustic and Thermal Tissue Properties for High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Computational Modeling

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) thermal therapies utilize concentrated sound waves to ablate diseased tissue at precise locations within the body. Computational simulations of HIFU can assist clinicians by predicting the death of target tissues, identifying sensitive healthy tissues that risk thermal damage, and optimizing acoustic power delivery to minimize treatment times and maximize treatment efficacy. Accurate simulations require accurate inputs, and many computational solvers neglect property changes induced by tissue heating during treatment. Additionally, temperature-dependent tissue property data in the literature are relatively scarce. This study presents methodology for characterizing temperature-dependent acoustic and thermal properties in ex vivo porcine muscle tissue. From 20 - 50 degrees C, speed of sound is found to increase from approximately 1580 - 1620 m/s. The acoustic attenuation coefficient increases for 20 - 50 degrees C from 0.09 - 0.24 Np/cm at 0.5 MHz and 0.16 - 0.37 Np/cm at 1.6 MHz. Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity increase from 0.52 - 0.55 W/m degrees C and 0.147 - 0.158 mm2/s, respectively, over 20 - 60 degrees C. Specific heat capacity increases from approximately 3500 - 3800 J/kg degrees C, over 20 - 80 degrees C. Each property is consistent with data found in the literature, extends the literature to a larger temperature range, and, for acoustic properties, extends to unique frequencies. Temperature-dependent predictive models are also developed for each of the five properties. This study's property measurement methodologies can be used to characterize other biological tissues, and the predictive models developed herein will facilitate future efforts in temperature-dependent modeling and uncertainty quantification of HIFU thermal therapies.