Energy Hub Model for the Massive Adoption of Hydrogen in Power Systems

A promising energy carrier and storage solution for integrating renewable energies into the power grid currently being investigated is hydrogen produced via electrolysis. It already serves various purposes, but it might also enable the development of hydrogen-based electricity storage systems made up of electrolyzers, hydrogen storage systems, and generators (fuel cells or engines). The adoption of hydrogen-based technologies is strictly linked to the electrification of end uses and to multicarrier energy grids. This study introduces a generic method to integrate and optimize the sizing and operation phases of hydrogen-based power systems using an energy hub optimization model, which can manage and coordinate multiple energy carriers and equipment. Furthermore, the uncertainty related to renewables and final demands was carefully assessed. A case study on an urban microgrid with high hydrogen demand for mobility demonstrates the method's applicability, showing how the multi-objective optimization of hydrogen-based power systems can reduce total costs, primary energy demand, and carbon equivalent emissions for both power grids and mobility down to -145%. Furthermore, the adoption of the uncertainty assessment can give additional benefits, allowing a downsizing of the equipment.