Human microbiome: Impact of newly approved treatments on C. difficile infection

Purpose The primary purposes of this review are to provide a brief overview of the microbiome, discuss the most relevant outcome data and key characteristics of each live microbiome agent, and pose questions for consideration going forward as these agents are integrated into clinical practice.Summary The management of Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) remains a difficult clinical conundrum, with recurrent CDI occurring in 15% to 35% of patients and causing significant morbidity and decreased quality of life. For patients with frequent CDI recurrences, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been demonstrated to have significant benefit but also significant risks, and FMT is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for that indication. FDA has established a new therapeutic class for agents known as live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) that offer significant advantages over FMT, including standardized screening, testing, and manufacturing as well as known quantities of organisms contained within. Two new live microbiome products within this class were recently approved by FDA for prevention of CDI recurrences in adult patients following treatment for recurrent CDI with standard antimicrobial therapy. Both agents had demonstrated efficacy in registry trials in preventing CDI recurrence but differ significantly in a number of characteristics, such as route of administration. Cost as well as logistics are current obstacles to use of these therapies.Conclusion Live microbiome therapy is a promising solution for patients with recurrent CDI. Future studies should provide further evidence within yet-to-be-evaluated populations not included in registry studies. This along with real-world evidence will inform future use and clinical guideline placement.