Recent Advances in Laser Surface Hardening: Techniques, Modeling Approaches, and Industrial Applications

The article provides a comprehensive review of the latest developments in the field of laser surface hardening (LSH) and its modeling techniques. LSH is a crucial process for enhancing the surface properties of metals, particularly their hardness and wear resistance, without compromising their bulk properties. This review highlights the fundamental principles of LSH, the types of lasers used, and the key parameters influencing the hardening process. It delves into various modeling approaches, including finite element method (FEM) simulations, analytical models, and empirical models (using statistical methods), emphasizing the integration of advanced computational techniques such as machine learning and artificial intelligence to improve the accuracy and efficiency of LSH simulations. The review also explores practical applications across different industries, showcasing how LSH models have been used to solve real-world challenges in the automotive, aerospace, and tool manufacturing sectors. Finally, it addresses current limitations and outlines future research directions, suggesting potential areas for further advancements in the modeling and application of LSH processes.