Disulfidptosis and ferroptosis related genes define the immune microenvironment and NUBPL serves as a potential biomarker for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder cancer

Background: Ferroptosis and disulfidptosis are regulatory forms of cell death that play an important role in tumorigenesis and progression. However, few biomarkers about disulfidptosis and ferroptosis related genes (DFRGs) have been developed to predict the prognosis of bladder cancer (BC). Methods: We conducted a bioinformatics analysis using public BC datasets to examine the prognostic significance of differentially expressed DFRGs. A Lasso regression was employed to create a prognostic prediction model from these DFRGs. Hub DFRGs that play a role in immunotherapy response and immunoregulation were pinpointed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) experiment was performed to assess NUBPL and c-MYC expression in BC patients who underwent surgery or received immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy at Peking University Cancer Hospital. Results: We constructed a valid model to predict the prognosis of BC based on DFRGs and performed relevant validation, the results demonstrated that the model was an independent prognostic factor for BC. Further analysis indicated that the model score, combined with the expression of various immune factors and tumor mutation burden (TMB), could predict the prognosis for BC. In addition, we also found that NUBPL was strongly associated with prognosis and response to ICI treatment, and NUBPL may influence BC malignant progression through the cMYC pathway. Conclusions: Our research findings highlight the satisfactory predictive value of DFRGs in the immune microenvironment and suggest that NUBPL may be a highly promising biomarker for predicting the prognosis and efficacy of ICI treatment in BC patients.