Enhanced oil recovery in tight reservoirs by ultrasonic-assisted CO2 2 flooding: Experimental study and molecular dynamics simulation

CO2-enhanced 2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) 2-EOR) has attracted great attention due to its dual effects of geological carbon storage and economic benefits, but the clay swelling, asphaltene deposition and gas channeling induced by CO2 2 still restrict its field application. The employment of chemical agents for the purpose of improving CO2-EOR 2-EOR performance is often limited by the heterogeneity of reservoirs and the potential for formation damage. Physical methods, such as ultrasonic-assisted CO2 2 flooding, appear to offer a promising alternative for CO2-EOR 2-EOR and geological sequestration. This study has conducted oil displacement experiments to investigate the EOR potential of ultrasonic-assisted CO2 2 flooding in tight reservoirs and clarify the effects of different ultrasound parameters. The ultrasonic waves with 20 kHz of acoustic frequency, 30 W/cm2 2 of sound intensity, 30 min of sonication time and moderate intermittent working mode can yield violent cavitation effects and avoid undesirable energy dissipation. Nearly a quarter of the saturated crude oil can be recovered from the tight core through ultrasonic- assisted CO2 2 flooding. It can be attributed to the composition alterations of crude oil and property changes of core matrix. Coupling with ultrasonic waves, CO2 2 would extract and vaporize crude oil more easily, which promotes oil swelling, lowers oil density and viscosity, decreases oil-gas interfacial tension and thus improves oil recovery. Besides, the ultrasound can help to mitigate the impact of CO2 2 adsorption-induced clay swelling on pore sizes through fluctuating pressure. And the strong hydrodynamic shear forces generated by mechanical vibration of ultrasound may also help to connect individual small pores and extend micro-fractures. These synergistic effects result in the transformation of micropores into mesopores and macropores. Furthermore, the wettability alteration of core samples implies that the ultrasonic-assisted CO2 2 flooding can induce the detachment of oil films from the rock surface. Finally, the results of molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the improvement in pressure inside the core sample resulting from ultrasonic cavitation facilitates the mixing of CO2 2 and oil, thereby weakening gas channeling and improving the displacement efficiency.