Impact of Human Leukocyte Antigen Allele-Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Partners on Sexually Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I/killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotypes influence human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression and viral load, but their role in primary infection is uncertain. Inconsistent results from previous studies suggest that the inoculum size and transmission route-parenteral versus sexual-may influence this association. We conducted a genome-wide association study in a population of people with HIV-1 and HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals exposed to the virus through the sexual route. Our data do not support any role of the HLA/KIR system in susceptibility to sexually transmitted HIV-1 infection. The genetics basis of HIV-1 viral load and disease progression are distinct from the genetics of HIV resistance, a paradox worth exploring. HLA-I/KIR genotypes impact HIV-1 progression, but their role in primary infection is debated. A new genome-wide association study shows no role in sexual transmission susceptibility. The genetic basis of HIV-1 progression differs from resistance, presenting a paradox worth exploring. Graphical abstract