Exosomes of immune cell origin and their therapeutic potential for tumors

Exosomes are nanoscale membrane vesicles identified by electron microscopy in 1946. They are approximately 30-150 nm in size. Originally, exosomes were thought to be used to eliminate excess components from cells to maintain their normal physiology. Later, it was found that the function and targeting of specific cellular components in exosomes have important implications for the regulation of cellular communication. In the last few years, exosomes have been linked to tumors, infections, and other diseases. New advances in cancer immunotherapy have occurred as a result of the identification of exosomes of immune cell origin, expanding the existing anticancer immune response. This article details exosomes derived from dendritic cells, T lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CAR-T cells), natural killer cells, and their promising applications in tumor therapy. In this article, exosomes derived from dendritic cells, T lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CAR-T cells), and natural killer cells and their promising applications in tumor therapy are described in detail. The limitations of exosomes, their relationship with apoptosis as well as future prospects and outlooks of exosomes are also discussed in detail. image