Malformations of the Spinal Cord: From Genetics to Diagnosis and Rehabilitation

Spinal cord malformations, known as "spinal dysraphisms" encompass a diverse range of spinal abnormalities characterized by incomplete median closure of mesenchymal, bone, and nervous tissues. They are classified as "open," involving both the spinal cord and overlying tissues, or "occult," affecting only nervous system structures. Neurulation abnormalities along the neural tube, from the rostral to the caudal portions, primarily cause these malformations. Clinical presentations vary, including cutaneous manifestations like hemangiomas, dimples, hair tufts, and scoliosis. "Tethered cord syndrome," often associated with these malformations, manifests as a clinical syndrome rather than a primary anomaly. Newborns are typically asymptomatic, with malformations often identified by associated skin abnormalities. Older children may experience pain, sensory/motor disturbances, urinary/anal sphincter abnormalities, and muscle weakness affecting mobility. Neuroimaging, crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning, includes ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Surgical intervention, tailored to specific malformation subtypes, may involve the repair of myelomeningocele soon after birth or conservative management for asymptomatic occult dysraphism. Rehabilitation encompasses physical, occupational, recreational, and speech therapies. Prevention is paramount, emphasizing the role of health care professionals in prenatal care and education. This review aims to provide a systematic classification of spinal cord malformations to aid clinicians in diagnosis and management.