Paleoclimatic significance of the organic carbon isotopes of the Tajikistan loess in arid Central Asia, on orbital timescales since the last interglacial

During the past few decades, the stable carbon isotope composition of bulk organic matter (S13Corg) in loess sediments has been increasingly used for reconstructing changes in the terrestrial vegetation and climate in several regions, including Europe, Xinjiang (the eastern part of arid central Asia, ACA), and the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). However, previous research indicates significant differences in the climatic significance of S13Corg between the loess-paleosol sequences of Europe and the western and eastern ACA, compared to the loess of the central and southern CLP in monsoonal Asia. The S13Corg values of loess-paleosol sequences in western and eastern ACA on different timescales exhibit consistent patterns of variation, suggesting that loess S13Corg in these areas may be influenced by similar climatic factors and have similar mechanisms. However, the lack of detailed S13Corg studies in central ACA limits our understanding of their applicability to long loess sequences within this region. This limitation not only constrains our understanding of the paleoclimatic significance of loess S13Corg in central ACA, but it also affects the practical application of loess S13Corg as a reliable paleoclimate proxy in this region. Consequently, it impedes a comprehensive understanding and in-depth analysis of loess S13Corg across the mid-latitude Eurasian continent. To address this deficiency, we conducted a S13Corg study of the Darai Kalon (DK) loess section, in southern Tajikistan, central ACA, since the last interglacial, with the aim of exploring the environmental significance of loess S13Corg and the origin of the climatic record of this section, on orbital timescales. The results show that the ecosystem in southern Tajikistan, and throughout ACA, was dominated by C3 vegetation since the last interglacial. Loess S13Corg records can be used as a precipitation proxy in ACA, at least since the last interglacial. However, regional comparisons revealed negative correlations between loess S13Corg values and pedogenic intensity in Europe, ACA, and the western CLP, which is the opposite to the positive correlations observed in the central and southern CLP. Comparison of the paleoclimate record of the DK section with those of loess-paleosol sequences from monsoonal Asia indicated that warm, humid conditions occurred during past interglacials (MIS5, MIS1) and interstadials (MIS3), and cold, arid conditions occurred during the glacial/stadial periods (MIS4, MIS2) in both ACA and monsoonal Asia. We propose that changes in Northern Hemisphere insolation were responsible for this in-phase pattern of climate change between these two regions on orbital timescales since the last interglacial.