From sea to solution: A review of green extraction approaches for unlocking the potential of brown algae

The global production of commercial aquatic plants, which includes macroalgae, has reached 31.2 million. To unlock the vast potential of brown algae as abundant sources of diverse bioactive compounds, efficient extraction methods aligned with sustainability goals are crucial. This comprehensive review delves into the paradigm shift towards green extraction techniques tailored for brown algae. The bioactive compounds present in brown algae hold substantial industrial value, extending across pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and agriculture. However, conventional methods like solvent extraction and hydro distillation face challenges related to environmental impact and efficiency. The review emphasizes the principles of green extraction and thoroughly examines advanced methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and subcritical water extraction (SWE), providing insights into their mechanisms, advantages, and applications. This review gathers information from articles published in English between 2004 and 2023. While recognizing the obstacles in implementing green methods, the review also outlines future directions for sustainable extraction of bioactive compounds from brown algae. By embracing eco-friendly techniques, both researchers and industries can effectively harness bioactive compounds while contributing to environmental well-being.