Insights into Immune Exhaustion in Chronic Hepatitis B: A Review of Checkpoint Receptor Expression

被引:8
作者
Costa, Joao Panao [1 ,2 ,3 ]
de Carvalho, Armando [4 ,5 ]
Paiva, Artur [4 ]
Borges, Olga [1 ,2 ,3 ]
机构
[1] Univ Coimbra, Fac Pharm, P-3000548 Coimbra, Portugal
[2] Univ Coimbra, CNC UC Ctr Neurosci & Cell Biol, P-3004504 Coimbra, Portugal
[3] Univ Coimbra, CIBB Ctr Innovat Biomed & Biotechnol, P-3004504 Coimbra, Portugal
[4] Ctr Hosp & Univ Coimbra, P-3004561 Coimbra, Portugal
[5] Univ Coimbra, Fac Med, P-3004504 Coimbra, Portugal
关键词
chronic hepatitis B; immune checkpoint inhibitor; hepatitis B virus; co-inhibitory molecules; co-stimulatory molecules; REGULATORY T-CELLS; CHRONIC HBV INFECTION; PEGYLATED INTERFERON ALPHA-2A; NUCLEOS(T)IDE ANALOG THERAPY; PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELLS; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; LYMPHOCYTE ATTENUATOR; FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT; PROGRAMMED DEATH-1; ANTIGEN CLEARANCE;
D O I
10.3390/ph17070964
中图分类号
R914 [药物化学];
学科分类号
100701 ;
摘要
Hepatitis B, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), often progresses to chronic infection, leading to severe complications, such as cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic HBV infection is characterized by a complex interplay between the virus and the host immune system, resulting in immune cell exhaustion, a phenomenon commonly observed in chronic viral infections and cancer. This state of exhaustion involves elevated levels of inhibitory molecules, cells, and cell surface receptors, as opposed to stimulatory counterparts. This review aims to elucidate the expression patterns of various co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors on immune cells isolated from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. By analyzing existing data, the review conducts comparisons between CHB patients and healthy adults, explores the differences between HBV-specific and total T cells in CHB patients, and examines variations between intrahepatic and peripheral immune cells in CHB patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying immune exhaustion in CHB is crucial for developing novel immunotherapeutic approaches. This detailed analysis sheds light on the immune exhaustion observed in CHB and lays the groundwork for future combined immunotherapy strategies aimed at leveraging checkpoint receptors to restore immune function and improve clinical outcomes.
引用
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页数:33
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