Seismic Modeling of Bedload Transport in a Gravel-Bed Alluvial Channel

Recent theoretical models and field observations suggest that fluvial bedload flux can be estimated from seismic energy measured within appropriate frequency bands. We present an application of the Tsai et al. (2012, ) bedload seismic model to an ephemeral channel located in the semi-arid southwestern US and incorporate modifications to better estimate bedload flux in this environment. To test the model, we collected streambank seismic signals and directly measured bedload flux during four flash-floods. Bedload predictions calculated by inversion from the Tsai model underestimated bedload flux observations by one-to-two orders of magnitude at low stages. However, model predictions were better for moderate flow depths (>50 cm), where saltation is expected to dominate bedload transport. We explored three differences between the model assumptions and our field conditions: (a) rolling and sliding particles have different impact frequencies than saltating particles; (b) the velocity and angle of impact of rolling particles onto the riverbed differ; and (c) the fine-grained alluvial character of this and similar riverbeds leads to inelastic impacts, as opposed to the originally conceptualized elastic impacts onto rigid bedrock. We modified the original model to assume inelastic bed impacts and to incorporate rolling and sliding by adjusting the statistical distributions of bedload impact frequency, velocity, and angle. Our modified "multiple-transport-mode bedload seismic model" decreased error relative to observations to less than one order of magnitude across all measured flow conditions. Further investigations in other environmental settings are required to demonstrate the robustness and general applicability of the model.