Irisin mitigates salt-sensitive hypertension via regulating renal AMPK-Rac1 pathway

BackgroundIrisin, as a myokine, plays a protective role against cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and hypertension. However, whether irisin attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension and the related underlying mechanisms is unknown.MethodsMale Dahl salt-resistant (DSR) and Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) (12 weeks) rats were fed a high salt diet (8% NaCl) with or without irisin treatment by intraperitoneal injection for 8 weeks.ResultsCompared with DSR rats, DSS rats showed higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), impaired natriuresis and diuresis and renal dysfunction. In addition, it was accompanied by downregulation of renal p-AMPK alpha and upregulation of renal RAC1 and nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Irisin intervention could significantly up-regulated renal p-AMPK alpha level and down-regulated renal RAC1-MR signal, thereby improving renal sodium excretion and renal function, and ultimately reducing blood pressure in DSS rats. Ex vivo treatment with irisin reduced the expression of RAC1 and nuclear MR in primary renal distal convoluted tubule cells from DSS rats and the effects of irisin were abolished by cotreatment of compound C (AMPK inhibitor), indicating that the regulation of RAC1-MR signals by irisin depended on the activation of AMPK.ConclusionsIrisin administration lowered salt-sensitive hypertension through regulating RAC1-MR signaling via activation of AMPK, which may be a promising therapeutic approach for salt-sensitive hypertension.