Electronic structure tuning of layered double hydroxides for electrochemical sensing and its biomedical applications

Modifying the electrodes of electrochemical sensors is critical to enhance sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, ultimately improving both their effectiveness and performance. In this paper, recent advancements in electrochemical sensors are reviewed, focusing on the utilization of layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The first section explores the advantageous and disadvantageous aspects of electrochemical sensing. Benefits include rapid response, ease of operation, and cost-effectiveness, while drawbacks concern the potential instability of prolonged use, susceptibility to interference, and the risk of biomolecule inactivation. Following this, the second section delves into the synthesis, constituents, and structure of LDHs. Moreover, after introducing the chemical mechanisms and functions of LDHs in electrochemical sensors, we concentrate on diverse modifying materials of LDHs and their different performances. Finally, the applications of LDHs in electrochemical sensing across different fields are discussed. This review aims to facilitate the continued advancement for applying LDHs in electrochemical sensors, as well as inspire the evolution of electrochemical sensing technology.