The actin-binding protein palladin associates with the respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) matrix (M) protein plays an important role in infection as it can interact with viral components as well as the host cell actin microfilaments. The M-actin interaction may play a role in facilitating the transportation of virion components to the apical surface, where RSV is released. We show that M protein's association with actin is facilitated by palladin, an actin-binding protein. Cells were infected with RSV or transfected to express full-length M as a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged protein, followed by removal of nuclear and cytosolic proteins to enrich for cytoskeleton and its associated proteins. M protein was present in inclusion bodies tethered to microfilaments in infected cells. In transfected cells, GFP-M was presented close to microfilaments, without association, suggesting the possible involvement of an additional protein in this interaction. As palladin can bind to proteins that also bind actin, we investigated its interaction with M. Cells were co-transfected to express GFP-M and palladin as an mCherry fluorescent-tagged protein, followed by cytoskeleton enrichment. M and palladin were observed to colocalize towards microfilaments, suggesting that palladin is involved in the M-actin interaction. In co-immunoprecipitation studies, M was found to associate with two isoforms of palladin, of 140 and 37 kDa. Interestingly, siRNA downregulation of palladin resulted in reduced titer of released RSV, while cell associated RSV titer increased, suggesting a role for palladin in virus release. Together, our data show that the M-actin interaction mediated by palladin is important for RSV budding and release.IMPORTANCERespiratory syncytial virus is responsible for severe lower respiratory tract infections in young children under 5 years old, the elderly, and the immunosuppressed. The interaction of the respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein with the host actin cytoskeleton is important in infection but has not been investigated in depth. In this study, we show that the respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein associates with actin microfilaments and the actin-binding protein palladin, suggesting a role for palladin in respiratory syncytial virus release. This study provides new insight into the role of the actin cytoskeleton in respiratory syncytial virus infection, a key host-RSV interaction in assembly. Understanding the mechanism by which the RSV M protein and actin interact will ultimately provide a basis for the development of therapeutics targeted at RSV infections. Respiratory syncytial virus is responsible for severe lower respiratory tract infections in young children under 5 years old, the elderly, and the immunosuppressed. The interaction of the respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein with the host actin cytoskeleton is important in infection but has not been investigated in depth. In this study, we show that the respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein associates with actin microfilaments and the actin-binding protein palladin, suggesting a role for palladin in respiratory syncytial virus release. This study provides new insight into the role of the actin cytoskeleton in respiratory syncytial virus infection, a key host-RSV interaction in assembly. Understanding the mechanism by which the RSV M protein and actin interact will ultimately provide a basis for the development of therapeutics targeted at RSV infections.