Frequency and Amount of Caffeine Consumption and Its Effects on Sleep Quality Among the General Population in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia, in 2024

Background: Caffeine is a commonly consumed psychoactive substance with potential effects on sleep quality. However, few studies have examined this relationship in the general population of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Objective: To investigate the impact of caffeine consumption on sleep quality and identify demographic factors associated with caffeine intake and sleep quality in Makkah's general population. Methods: This cross-sectional study used a convenient sampling approach to recruit 390 individuals residing in Makkah. Data were collected via a Google Forms questionnaire distributed through various social media platforms. Caffeine intake and sleep quality were assessed using a validated questionnaire adapted for Saudi Arabia and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. Results: The median total daily caffeine intake was 324.20 mg, with 43.1% of participants consuming more than the suggested cutoff of 400 mg daily. There were significant positive correlations between PSQI and total caffeine consumption in the morning, evening, and overall daily consumption. The results also indicated significant relationships between demographic factors, such as marital status, educational level, income, and BMI groups, and caffeine consumption. Conclusion: Caffeine intake was found to be high among the general population of Makkah, with a significant portion consuming more than the suggested daily limit. There was a significant positive correlation between caffeine consumption and poor sleep quality. Additionally, demographic factors such as marital status, educational level, income, and BMI groups were found to be associated with caffeine consumption.