Noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit and by-products: A comprehensive review of its chemical compositions, health-promoting effects, safety assessment and industrial applications

Background: Historically, Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) has been esteemed as a "superfruit" because of its nutritional properties and health effects. Recent studies have delved into Noni's chemical makeup and its biological activities, as well as those of its by-products. However, existing research on Noni and its by-products is fragmented, lacking a consolidated overview of their health benefits and potential future applications. S cope and approach: This review aims to offer an detailed summary of Noni's chemical makeup, its health-promoting effects, and safety evaluations, particularly concerning its derivatives. Additionally, Noni and its by-products are reviewed and discussed for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Key findings and conclusions: Noni comprises a multitude of bio-active constituents, primarily including flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, anthraquinones, iridoids, alkaloids, and polysaccharides. These compounds imbue Noni and its by-products with a range of beneficial activities such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic, lipid metabolism regulation, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects. They have been widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to their promising properties and economic value. This review encapsulates the nutritional components, chemical profiles, and bio-functional activities associated with Noni products. In addition, it offers a forward-looking perspective on innovative applications of Noni in the food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries.