Vulnerability or resilience tweets? A comparative analysis of media outlets versus non-governmental organizations visual representations of the 2023 Morocco earthquake survivors

This comparative study explores the vulnerability/resilience visual framing pattern in the survivors-related visuals tweeted by 16 media outlets and 18 non-governmental organizations during the 2023 Morocco earthquake. The study proposes a vulnerability/resilience framework and investigates its potential impact on X engagement metrics. The results indicate discrepancies between media outlets and non-governmental organizations in their vulnerability/resilience perspectives as well as their gendered representations of the survivors. Theoretical and practical implications of visual framing and strategic crisis communication are further discussed.