Exploring the Sustainability of Plant-based Diet for Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of diabetes necessitates sustainable care and preventative strategies for patients. Plant-based diets have emerged as a promising intervention for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the sustainability of such diets remains a subject of debate. Aim: To investigate the impact of plant-based diets on treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and assess their sustainability. Materials and Methods: Systematic searches were performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies published between 2013 and 2023 following Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms used in the search were "type-2 diabetes," "diabetes mellitus," "plant-based diets," "vegan diet," and "vegetarian diets." The search yielded 227 studies, of which eight were included based on inclusion criteria. Covidence software was used to analyse the selected studies, focusing on the long-term effects of plant-based diets on diabetes. Results: The studies included in the review followed 12 weeks of intervention with plant-based diets, examining Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, weight changes, and Body Mass Index (BMI). The observations included a significant reduction of approximately 0.4% in HbA1c levels and approximately 1.04 kg/m 2 in BMI, along with a significant weight loss of approximately 2-6 kg. While there was no significant reduction observed in the lipid profile. Conclusion: Plant-based diets with a 12-week consumption period show positive cardiometabolic profiles due to antioxidants, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. However, long-term studies are needed to ensure sustainability.