Zinc oxide nanoparticles reduce cadmium accumulation in hydroponic lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) by increasing photosynthetic capacity and regulating phenylpropane metabolism

Due to the continuous production of industrial wastes and the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, severe cadmium (Cd) pollution in soil has occurred globally. This study investigated the impacts of incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) into hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under cadmium stress conditions, to seek effective methods to minimize Cd buildup in green leafy vegetables. The results showed that 1 mg/L of Cd significantly inhibited lettuce growth, decreasing in leaves (29 %) and roots (33 %) biomass. However, when lettuce was exposed to 2.5 mg/L ZnONPs under cadmium stress, the growth, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (phi PSII), and activity of key enzymes in photosynthesis were all significantly enhanced. Furthermore, ZnONPs significantly decreased the accumulation of Cd in lettuce leaves (36 %) and roots (13 %). They altered the subcellular distribution and chemical morphology of Cd in lettuce by modifying the composition of cell walls (such as pectin content) and the levels of phenolic compounds, resulting in a reduction of 27 % in Cd translocation from roots to leaves. RNA sequencing yielded 45.9 x 10(7) and 53.4 x 10(7) clean reads from plant leaves and roots in control (T0), Cd (T1), Cd+ZnONPs (T2), and ZnONPs (T3) treatment groups respectively, and 3614 and 1873 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis identified photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phenylpropanoid metabolism as the main causes of ZnONPs-mediated alleviation of Cd stress in lettuce. Specifically, the DEGs identified included 12 associated with photosystem I, 13 with photosystem II and 23 DEGs with the carbon fixation pathway of photosynthesis. Additionally, DEGs related to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase, peroxidase, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, and cytochrome P450 proteins were also identified. Therefore, further research is recommended to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which ZnONPs reduce Cd absorption in lettuce through phenolic acid components in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway. Overall, treatments with ZnONPs are recommended to effectively reduce Cd accumulation in the edible portion of lettuce.