The latest evidence and clinical guidelines for use of meal replacements in very-low-calorie diets or low-calorie diets for the treatment of obesity

Obesity is a complex chronic disease with increasing prevalence across the globe. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is an important component of obesity treatment, and low-calorie diets (LCDs) and very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) are part of the MNT toolbox. This narrative review focuses on the latest evidence and clinical guidelines regarding the use and impact of meal replacements (MRs) as part of LCDs/VLCDs for the treatment of obesity and some associated complications. MRs can be used in conjunction with food as partial diet replacement (PDR) or can be used exclusively to serve as the sole source of dietary energy (total diet replacement [TDR]). Use of MR may be associated with better control of cravings and hunger typically observed during reduced calorie intake through effects of ketosis or stimuli narrowing, although the exact mechanisms for these effects remain unclear. Several clinical guidelines have endorsed the use of MRs as a part of MNT for obesity, primarily based on evidence that shows an average weight reduction of similar to 10 kg or more with TDR over at least 12 months in large, randomized controlled trials. When compared to usual care controls, these effects are 6-8 kg greater, and when compared to food-based diets, the effects are nearly twice the effect of a food-based diet. MR-based diets have been found to be safe and associated with improvements in quality of life. These diets are also effective for improving key cardiometabolic health outcomes, including dysglycaemia, blood pressure, lipids, and metabolic associated fatty liver. The effectiveness, safety, and associated health improvement makes MRs use a valuable strategy for several higher risk clinical scenarios where weight reduction is indicated.