Progress in electrochemical sensing of epinephrine using carbon nanomaterials: A review

This review focuses on the advancements in electrochemical sensing of epinephrine using carbon nanomaterials. Epinephrine, a vital catecholamine, plays a significant role in numerous physiological processes, including the "fight or flight" response, blood pressure regulation, and glucose metabolism. Accurate detection of epinephrine levels is crucial for diagnosing and managing various medical conditions such as anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and severe asthma. Carbon nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates due to their high surface area, excellent conductivity, and biocompatibility, which enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors. The review discusses various types of carbon nanomaterials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers, highlighting their unique properties and applications in epinephrine sensing. It also covers the fabrication techniques of these sensors, their performance metrics, and the challenges faced in their development. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insights into the current state and future prospects of carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for epinephrine detection, emphasizing the need for further research to overcome existing limitations and improve clinical applicability.