Building solar integrated energy systems considering power and heat coordination: Optimization and evaluation

Solar energy integration with building structures in the residential community effectively utilizes distributed energy sources and improves renewable energy utilization rate in building energy consumption. Solar energy's uncertain and intermittent characteristics require interaction with the building integrated energy system (BIES) and central grid. The design of solar integration in the community is proposed, and six types of BIESs with different components and configurations are constructed. The power and heat coordination is implemented through hybrid installations, such as solar heat collectors and photovoltaic panels, and electricity and heat storage. A multi-criteria fuzzy decision-making method combining a multi-objective optimization model of hybrid solar BIES is developed to select the optimal scheme. The multi-objective optimization is modeled to optimize the capacities of components in the BIES alternative in minimizing annual total fuel consumption, cost, and CO2 emission, which obtains Pareto solutions. Then, a fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation approach is proposed to consider quantitative performances and qualitative advancements and judgments from experts and respondents and to select the best BIES scheme for the prosumer community. The heat and power coordination of the optimal BIES scheme is discussed. A case study demonstrates the validation of the proposed approach. The results illustrate that the photovoltaic modules installed on roofs and south walls of buildings supply approximately 12.66% of total energy demands. The fuzzy weighting method analyzed the weights of 4 main criteria and 14 sub-criteria, and the renewable energy penetration rate and annual total emission of CO2 have the largest weights, 0.148 and 0.113. The technical, environmental, economic, and social weights are 0.421, 0.215, 0.201, and 0.164, respectively. The closeness coefficient of the optimum scheme with the ideal BIES scheme is 0.637.