Grading scalping and sample size effects on critical shear strength of mine waste rock through laboratory and in-situ testing

Geotechnical stability analyses of mine waste rock (WR) piles require the critical friction angle (phi(cr)) of the coarse blasted rock. However, due to the presence of oversized rock clasts, shear strength can only be characterized on small samples prepared using grading scaling techniques, such as scalping. Thus, considering a testing device able to handle samples of characteristic size D, the material should be scaled down to a maximum particle size d(max) given by the minimum sample aspect ratio alpha = D/d(max). However, a practical concern about how far the size scale can be reduced while keeping representative results remains a matter of debate in the geotechnical community. International standards do not agree on the minimum recommended alpha, and its effects on the mechanical behavior remain poorly understood. This paper aims to investigate the grading effects and sample size effects on phi(cr) of WR materials using the scalping technique, to provide insights on the minimum recommended alpha. Triaxial tests were conducted on loose and dense samples of diameters D = 150 and 300 mm. Samples were scalped from field material having d(max) = 75 mm, to allow a range of alpha from 4 to 30. Additionally, one of the world largest in-situ direct shear boxes (120 x 120 x 38 cm(3)) was developed to test the same WR material. The results show that scalping is an appropriate technique to assess the critical shear strength of WR. The minimum alpha for phi(cr) assessment in triaxial testing is not sensitive to grading nor sample size, but it is affected by sample density. The aspect ratio was found to be alpha >= 12 and alpha >= 16 for loose and dense samples, respectively. This finding advocates that alpha values recommended by worldwide standards, such as ASTM D7181-20, might be too low and should be revisited after comprehensive testing.