An Efficient Hardware Implementation of Crystal-Dilithium on FPGA

Crystal-Dilithium is a post-quantum signature scheme and has earned recognition as one of NIST's selected digital signature standards. Compared with other candidates, Dilithium is well-suited for hardware implementation, primarily due to its avoidance of floating-point operations and the distribution of coefficients over a finite field with a small prime. Nevertheless, its practical implementations still face challenges due to its demanding polynomial computations and intricate rejection loop in the signature process. In this work, we introduce an efficient hardware-only implementation of Dilithium on FPGA that supports key generation, signature computation, and verification across all NIST security levels. Our implementation offers a resource efficiency advantage, utilizing up to 30% fewer resources while maintaining a comparable time overhead compared to state-of-the-art implementations.