Association Between Iron, Folate, and Zinc Deficiencies During Pregnancy and Low Birth Weight: Systematic Review of Cohort Studies

Context Iron, folate, and zinc deficiencies during the gestational period may be associated with negative perinatal outcomes, such as low birth weight (LBW), but these relationships are not yet fully established in the scientific literature and require further investigation.Objective To systematically review the scientific production to investigate the association between iron, folate, and zinc deficiencies during pregnancy and LBW.Data Sources The search was carried out using high-sensitivity descriptors in the English, Portuguese, and Spanish languages, combined with Boolean operators, adapted to each of the following indexed databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, LILACS via BVS, CENTRAL, and Web of Science. The eligibility criteria followed the PECOS (population, exposure, comparator, outcome, study) strategy.Data Extraction Data extraction was performed using an Excel spreadsheet with the study variables of interest. Subsequently, the information was analyzed and summarized in a table. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to perform the risk-of-bias analysis.Data Analysis A total of 21 042 references were identified, of which 7169 related to folate, 6969 to iron, and 6904 to zinc. After eligibility criteria application, 37 articles were included in this study, of which 18 referred to zinc nutritional status, 10 related to iron, and 9 related to folate. Studies of iron (40%), folate (66.66%), and zinc (50%) revealed a positive association between deficiencies of these micronutrients and LBW. The overall methodological quality of the studies included in this review was considered high.Conclusions Iron, folate, and zinc deficiencies are still present during gestation. Nevertheless, the association between deficiencies of these micronutrients and LBW is still contradictory, and more studies are needed, as is efficient nutritional monitoring before and during gestation.Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021284683.