Poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane design for efficient oil-in-water emulsion separation: Integrating superhydrophilicity, photocatalysis and self-cleaning

To solve the increasingly serious wastewater problems, developing membranes with excellent filtration performance and anti-fouling property has been a research focus. Herein, hydrophilic tannic acid/cysteine/tyrosine@titanium (TA/Cys/Tyr@Ti) double crosslinked coating was constructed on the poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration membranes by two-step coating method, while the mineralized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were utilized to produce superhydrophilic membranes. The synergistic effect of the multilayered nanostructure and hydrophilic groups enables excellent underwater superoleophobicity and anti-fouling property of modified membranes. The addition of TiO2 provides photocatalytic degradation and self-cleaning properties. The optimized modified membrane (MF-4) showed outstanding oil-water separation potential (emulsion flux of 2760 +/- 30 L center dot m- 2 center dot h- 1, oil rejection rate of 99.5 +/- 0.3 %) and stable recycling filter capacity. Moreover, MF-4 was able to efficiently degrade methylene blue under UV light, which was 99.1 % at 90 min. The flux recovery rate (FRR) was 97.4 % following simulated contamination and regeneration with bovine serum albumin. After UV irradiation, the FRR appeared to be significantly enhanced, proving its great anti-fouling and selfcleaning properties. This modified membranes with superhydrophilic and self-cleaning properties have great application potential in oily wastewater and achieving automatic operation of wastewater treatment.