The status of culturally relevant teacher education in the European context: A systematic review of research

In this systematic literature review spanning 2000 to 2024, we examine the landscape of culturally relevant education (CRE) in Europe. Our goal is to present a clear picture of how in-service and pre-service teachers perceive, practice and experience CRE in the evolving European context. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, we analysed 48 empirical studies from European countries. In a multiphase process, we utilised qualitative methods to iteratively identify key features to categorise study purposes and outcomes for meaningful reporting. Included studies primarily consisted of self-reported data on perspectives, practices and experiences of in-service or pre-service educators working with learners that are culturally and linguistically diverse compared to the dominant culture of the studies' locations. The aim was to reveal the state of CRE research in the context of Europe by identifying the reviewed studies' goals, key findings and suggestions to move forward. Our findings highlight well-intentioned educators, yet there is a discernible need for improved teacher education programmes and in-service professional learning that focus on supporting educators' culturally relevant practices. The review emphasises the necessity of better preparing European educators to effectively meet the needs of their culturally and linguistically diverse student populations. We offer a series of recommendations synthesised from the examined studies, pointing towards a need for reform at multiple levels, including pre-service teacher education, professional development, school and community practices and policy changes. As we navigate the educational landscape of Europe, our synthesis aims for a clear understanding and practical insights, fostering an environment where educators can effectively nurture the potential of every learner.