Optimizing rheological characterization for extrusion-based additive manufacturing of Zirconia ceramic inks with varied Yttria content stabilization

This study explores the rheological properties of zirconia-based ceramic inks, focusing on TZ-3YSB alongside newer variants such as Zpex, Zpex-4, and Zpex-smile, distinguished by their varying Y2O3 content. Through comprehensive analysis, it was found that these ceramic inks exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, which is notably influenced by the ceramic loading content and particle aggregation. Moreover, the shear-thinning nature observed in these inks proves advantageous, as it enables easier extrusion through smaller nozzles at reduced pressure levels. The implications of these findings are discussed in detail, shedding light on the complex interplay between rheological properties and ceramic ink composition, thus offering valuable insights for optimized threedimensional printing (3DP) production processes - contributing to strengthening crowns, bridges, and implants, enhancing aesthetics, and ensuring biocompatibility for dental prostheses.