Colorimetric Synchronization of Drosophila Larvae

The rapid succession of events during development poses an inherent challenge to achieve precise synchronization required for rigorous, quantitative phenotypic and genotypic analyses in multicellular model organisms. Drosophila melanogaster is an indispensable model for studying the development and function of higher order organisms due to extensive genome homology, tractability, and its relatively short lifespan. Presently, nine Nobel prizes serve as a testament to the utility of this elegant model system. Ongoing advancements in genetic and molecular tools allow for the underlying mechanisms of human disease to be investigated in Drosophila. However, the absence of a method to precisely age-match tissues during larval development prevents further capitalization of this powerful model organism. Drosophila spends nearly half of its life cycle progressing through three morphologically distinct larval instar stages, during which the imaginal discs, precursors of mature adult external structures (e.g., eyes, legs, wings), grow and develop distinct cell fates. Other tissues, such as the central nervous system, undergo massive morphological changes during larval development. While these three larval stages and subsequent pupal stages have historically been identified based on the number of hours post egg-laying under standard laboratory conditions, a reproducible, efficient, and inexpensive method is required to accurately age-match larvae within the third instar. The third instar stage is of particular interest, as this developmental stage spans a 48-hr window during which larval tissues switch from proliferative to differentiation programs. Moreover, some genetic manipulations can lead to developmental delays, further compounding the need for precise age-matching between control and experimental samples. This article provides a protocol optimized for synchronous staging of Drosophila third instar larvae by colorimetric characterization and is useful for age-matching a variety of tissues for numerous downstream applications. We also provide a brief discussion of the technical challenges associated with successful application of this protocol. (c) 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.